YORYM 1995.47 - ALL SAINTS, PAVEMENT, YORK
Ceramic Building Materials
S Garside-Neville
There are
148 contexts with Ceramic Building Material (CBM) from the church. The amount of CBM from each context ranges from
many small bags containing one fragment to large bags containing many
pieces. It consists of the following
material:
1.1 Roman material
Roman
material from this sample consists of roof tile (imbrex and tegula) and
brick. All the material is fragmentary,
and much of it shows signs of reuse.
1.2 Earlier medieval material
The sample
has good quantities of material that can be currently dated to the 12th or
early 13th centuries. This material
consists of the curved and flanged roof tile system, which preceded the later
peg or nib tile. Much of the material
shows signs of reuse (ie. mortar along broken edges).
There are
seven fragments of glazed relief floor tiles that belong to a nationally
recognisable group that have been variously dated to the 10th or 11th century
(Betts, 1985, 291-307; Gem & Keen, 1981, 20-26) and in York as late as the
12th century (Hall, 1984, 113 and 126-7).
The tiles have been found before at All Saints and also at nearby Coppergate
(Keen, 1993). The fragments all have
designs previously catalogued by Keen, and correspond to his numbers 7 or 11,
2, 15, and 8 or 18. Three fragments are
too small to show a pattern, but have the right glaze, bevel, or stab marks on
the back so almost certainly belong to this group. The earliest context in which a fragment of glazed relief tile
has been found during the 1995 excavations is currently dated to the early 14th
century and was found with other ceramic building materials that probably date
to the 12th century.
1.3 Medieval material
This
consists of roof tile, brick and floor tile.
The roof tile appears to be almost exclusively ceramic. There is only one fragment of stone that may
have been used for roofing. The ceramic
tile consists of many body fragments of plain, or flat, roofing tile. Diagnostic pieces have mainly square
pegholes, though there is one example of a nib tile. This is typical of York sites.
This material is likely to date from the 13th to the 15th century. There are several examples of a fabric that
can be dated to the 14th century
onwards.
Ridge tile is
probably present, but caution has to be exercised
in its
identification as it cannot be readily discerned from curved tile, unless there
is a diagnostic fragment (eg. a large fragment, a nailhole, or a fabric
associated exclusively with one form).
No crested ridge was found, but this may be due to the fact that the
excavation mostly took place inside the 14th century church.
There is
one large fragment of hip tile, which would have been used to cover the join
between two angles of a roof.
Medieval
brick is present in small quantities.
The fragments found were typical of material dating to the 14th and 15th
centuries.
There are fragments
of plain glazed floor tile, which may well be of Flemish origin. These are generally dated to between the
14th
and 16th centuries.
There are pieces which may have been from tiles measuring around 200mm
square, and a green glazed example measuring 115mm square.
Added to this, there are fragments which do not
conform to the Flemish characteristics.
One fragment is 40mm thick, has a mottled yellow-brown glaze, and what
appears to be keying on the lower surface.
Another piece has a light brown glaze, and is 26mm thick. There are also other fragments of floor tile
scattered across the sample.
1.4 Post
medieval material
This consists of brick and the occasional fragment of
pantile.
It represents a very
small part of the sample.
2.0 ACADEMIC
OBJECTIVES
2.1 Dating
The CBM should provide an indication of dating for the
various structures and activities in the church. For example, the presence of curved and flanged tile may indicate
a 12th century building, or closer examination of the peg tile fabrics may give
a better indication
of dating.
2.2 Structure
The CBM will contribute
to the knowledge of the structure of the church - eg. tiled roof, hipped roof
lines, possible glazed flooring, etc.
The glazed relief tiles are a useful addition to the existing collection
from the church's pavement.
2.3 Recording
Full recording of the
sample will add to the available comparable CBM data with the city of York, and
will enhance the study of its uses in the area.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Assessment
- All CBM will be reviewed and recorded to create a
complete and useful archive.
- All material will be recorded on a standard pro
forma (see Appendix I)
- The processing of
the sample will entail the creation of a fabric type series, and discarding of
unfeatured pieces (after recording).
Approximately 80% of the sample will be discarded leaving no more than
one box to be stored. Only fragments of
particular interest, such as floor tiles, complete or near complete roof tiles,
or unusual pieces will be retained.
- All records will be computerised, incorporating site
phasing and other finds dating. This
will facilitate the easy manipulation
of the data when
analysing for report writing.
3.2 Analysis
Will entail:
- the phasing of CBM records, based on information
provided by the excavators
- analysis of occurrence of forms
- analysis of occurrence of fabrics
- grouping of material in relation to structures and
features
- observation of broad trends across the site
- research of specialised or unusual material, eg. the
glazed relief tiles
- comparison of
materials with other local/regional examples
5.0 REFERENCES
Betts, I M,
1985. 'A scientific investigation of
the brick and
tile industry of York to the
mid-eighteenth century',
unpublished PhD thesis, University of
Bradford
Gem, R & Keen, L,
1981. 'Late Anglo-Saxon finds from the
site of
St Edmund's Abbey', Proc Suffolk
Institute of Archaeol and
Hist, 35, 1981, 1-30
Hall, R,
1984. The Viking Dig. Bodley Head
Keen, L, 1993. 'Pre-conquest glazed relief tiles from All
Saints
Church, Pavement, York', J of the
British Archaeol Assoc,
November 1995
1995.47 -
CONTEXT LISTING
u/s Brick 18th+
u/s '4079' Plain glazed floor tile 14th+
1006 Plain 13th+
1009
Hip, Plain, Brick, Peg,
Tegula 17th+
20?? Peg, Mill stone grit,
Plain,
Curved/Ridge, Brick 14th+
2002 Glazed floor tile ?14th+
2005 Plain 13th+
2008
Plain, Limestone,
Curved/Ridge 13th+
2010 Pan tile, Plain 17th+
2013 Plain 13th+
2015 Plain 13th+
2016 Plain, Brick 16th+
2028
Plain, Glazed floor tile,
Worked limestone 14th+
2029
Plain, Peg, Curved/Ridge,
?Roman Pot 13th+
2030
Plain, Brick, Worked
limestone,?Floor tile 14th+
2033
Plain, Ridge, Medieval
brick, Plainglazed floor
tile, Flanged 14th+
2034
Ridge, Plain, Possible
Limestone roof tile 13th+
2035 ?Floor tile ?14th+
2038 Plain, Peg 13th+
2039 Peg, Plain 13th+
2040 Plain 13th+
2041 Plain 13th+
2042 Plain, Pot, ?Pan tile ?17th+
2046 Plain, Brick 14th+
2047 Imbrex Roman
2051 Plain, Flanged, Flint, Peg 13th+
2054 Plain, ?Ridge 13th+
2055 Plain 13th+
2057 Plain, Sandstone 13th+
2062 Plain, ?Flanged 13th+
3001
Sandstone, ?Glazed relief
tile, Plain, ?Roman,
Curved/Ridge 13th+
4001 Limestone, Brick 14th+
4002 Peg, Ridge 13th+
4009
Curved/Ridge, Peg, Plain,
Brick 14th+
4012 ?Plain 13th+
4015 Plain, Mortar 14th+
4016 Flanged, Peg 13th+
4020 Curved, Flanged, Peg,
Brick 14th+
4032 Plain 13th+
4034
/12\ and /269\ Glazed
relief tiles ?10th-
12th
4049 Peg, Flanged, Plain 13th+
4051 Plain, Pot, ?Roman box
flue 13th+
4052
Roman brick, Plain,
Curved/Ridge,Peg 13th
4053 Curved/Ridge, ?Flanged,
Roman brick 12th+
4057 Peg, Plain, Roman brick 13th+
4058
Plain, Medieval brick,
Peg, /9\ Glazed relief
tile 14th+
4059 Plain, Ridge, Brick 14th+
4061 Plain 13th+
4064
Plain, Sandstone,
Curved/Ridge 13th+
4064 or
4067 Brick 18th+
4067
Curved/Ridge, Brick, Plain,
Imbrex/Ridge 18th+
4068 Plain, Peg 13th+
4069 Flanged, Roman brick 12th-
e13th
4074
Sandstone, Glazed floor
tile, Curved/Ridge,
Flanged, Tegula,
Limestone,
?Plain ?13th
4079
Peg, Flanged, Plain,
Sandstone,Roman brick,
Plain glazed floor tile,
Floor tile, Curved/Ridge 14th+
4081 Flanged, Curved/Ridge,
?Plain 12th+
4085 Plain 13th+
4096 Brick, Curved/Ridge, Plain 13th+
4112 Peg, Plain 13th+
4114 Plain 13th+
4115 Plain 13th+
4118 Plain 13th+
4121 or
4067 Plain, Chalk, Roman
brick,
Brick, Slag, Medieval
brick,
Curved/Ridge 14th+
4123 /16\ Glazed relief tile ?10th-
12th
4125 Flanged 12th-
e13th
4128 ?Plain, Limestone, Plain 13th+
4129 Plain 13th+
4130 Curved/Ridge, ?Plain 12th+
4131 Brick, Plain, ?Gutter tile 14th+
4132
Limestone, Flanged,
?Sandstone,Curved/Ridge,
/18\ Glazed relief tile 12th+
4133 Limestone, Plain 13th+
4137 Plain, Ridge 13th+
4142 Imbrex, Curved/Ridge,
Plain 13th+
4143 Limestone, Mortar,
Sandstone,
Plain, Curved/Ridge 13th+
4148 Curved/Ridge, Plain 13th+
4151 Curved/Ridge, ?Tegula,
?Plain 12th+
4155 Flanged, Brick 14th+
4157 Brick, Plain 14th+
4159
Tegula, Daub, Roman brick
Roman Plain,
Curved/Ridge,
?Daub 13th+
4169 Roman brick Roman
4174 Flanged, ?Marble,
Limestone,
Curved/Ridge, Plain,
Roman
brick 13th+
4175 Flanged 12th-
e13th
4176 Curved/Ridge, ?Tegula 12th-
e13th
4177
Curved/Ridge, Flanged,
?Plain 12th+
4178 ?Plain, Curved/Ridge 12th+
4178
Curved/Ridge, Flanged,
Sandstone, Pot, Tegula 12th+
4180 ?Ridge 13th+
4180/4188 Limestone, Curved/Ridge,
Flanged, ?Plain 12th+
4181 Curved/Ridge, ?Plain 12th+
4184
Oolitic limestone, Flange,
Curved 12th-
e13th
4188 Millstone grit, Limestone ?
5008 Pile
3 'Above Stone' Plain 13th+
5028 Pile
11, Core 2 Imbrex Roman
5030 Pile
12, Core 2 Flanged, Curved/Ridge,
?Plain 12th-
e13th
5031
Pile 13, Core 1 Curved/Ridge, ?Plain 12th-
e13th
5036
Pile 15, Core 1 Limestone, Plain, Pot 13th+
5037
Pile 15, Core 2 Peg, Plain 13th+
5038
Pile 15, Core 3 Flanged,
Curved/Ridge,
Roman Brick,?Plain 12th-
e13th
5039
Pile 16, Core 1 Curved/Ridge, Roman
Brick,
Plain 13th+
5040
Pile 16, Core 2 Plain, Curved/Ridge,
Tegula,
Plain, Flanged 13th+
5041
Pile 16, Core 3 Flanged, Roman Brick,
?Plain 12th-
e13th
5042
Pile 17a, Core 1 Plain, Medieval Brick 14th+
5043
Pile 17a, Core 2 Plain, Medieval Brick 14th+
5044
Pile 17a, Core 3 Tegula Roman
5046
Pile 17b, Core 2 Plain 13th+
5047
Pile 17b, Core 3 Plain, ?Amphora,
Tegula 13th+
5049
Pile 18, Core 1 Plain 13th+
5050
Pile 18, Core 2 Plain 13th+
5053
Pile 19, Core 2 Brick, Peg, Plain 14th+
5059
Pile 20, Core 4 ?Roman brick Roman
5062
Pile 21, Core 3 Plain 13th+
5064
Pile 22, Core 1 Plain, Peg, Brick 14th+
5065
Pile 22, Core 2 Plain 13th+
5066
Pile 22, Core 3 ?Plain ?13th+
5072
Pile 24, Core 1 Curved/Ridge, Plain 13th+
5073
Pile 24, Core 2 Plain 13th+
5076
Pile 25, Core 1 Floor tile, Plain ?13th+
5077
Pile 25, Core 2 ?Plain ?13th+
5079
Pile 26, Core 1 Plain 13th+
5080
Pile 26, Core 2 Roman brick, Plain,
Imbrex/Ridge 13th+
5082
Pile 27, Core 1 Peg,
Flanged,Medievalbrick 14th+
5084
Pile 27, Core 3 ?Plain ?13th+
5086
Pile 28, Core 1 Plain 13th+
5087
Pile 28, Core 2 Plain, ?Glazed relief
tile,
Curved/Ridge 13th+
5091
Pile 30, Core 1 Plain 13th+
5092
Pile 30, Core 2 Plain 13th+
5093
Pile 31, Core 1 Plain 13th+
5094
Pile 31, Core 2 Curved/Ridge,
?Flanged ?12th-
e13th
5098
Pile 32, Core 2 ?Plain ?13th+
5110/5100
Pile 33, Core 1 Brick 14th+
5098
Pile 33, Core 2 Nib 13th+
5074
Pile 24, Core 3 Brick 14th+
5102
Pile 33, Core 3 Plain 13th+
5105
Pile 34, Core 2 Roman brick,Medieval
brick,
Plain 14th+
5106
Pile 34, Core 3 Roman brick, Medieval
brick 14th+
5108
Pile 35, Core 1 Medieval brick, Plain 14th+
5109
Pile 35, Core 2 Brick, Plain 14th+
5110
Pile 35, Core 3 Roman brick, Plain 13th+
5112
Pile 36, Core 1 Plain, ?Medieval
brick ?14th+
5113
Pile 36, Core 2 Roman brick, Plain,
Medieval brick 14th+
5114
Pile 36, Core 3 Roman, Curved/Ridge 12th+
5115
Pile 36, Core 4 Roman brick Roman
5117
Pile 37, Core 1 Plain, Curved/Ridge 13th+
5119
Pile 37, Core 3 Plain 13th+
5120
Pile 37, Core 4 ?Plain/?Flanged ?12th+
5121 Pile 37, Core 5