YORYM 1997.102
- LITTLE STONEGATE/DAVYGATE, YORK
Ceramic
Building Materials
S Garside-Neville
Roman Material
Roman
material is represented by a few brick fragments, and some flue tile. One of the fragments of flue tile is combed,
a method which is thought to come into use around the early 2nd century. The presence of flue tile in particular
points to a hypocaust (Roman central heating) in the area.
Medieval Material
Medieval
material is strongly represented. There
are a few fragments of early medieval material, included angled curved tile,
which may appear as early as the 11th century.
However, the bulk of the material could be dated to between the 13th and
16th century. Peg tile is well
represented, in various fabrics (one of which is often associated with 14th
century material), some of which may have a white slip. Much of the peg tile has square or diamond
shaped pegholes, with only a few circular or irregular pegholes. There are two examples of nib tile, which is
typical of York sites. These tiles may
have been used as a quick and easy way to patch roofs.
Crested
ridge tiles are represented, though the fragments tend to be abraded. This gives the impression that the crested
ridge tile were on the roof of a building for some time before finally falling
to earth.
Bricks
are strongly represented, in particular the bricks of narrow thickness. These bricks tend to have a breadth of over
127mm, and a thickness of under 50mm.
They frequently have indented borders and medium to coarse moulding
sand. These bricks are thought to have
been used as infilling for timber-framed buildings. A few examples have vitrified headers or stretchers.
There
are two examples of floor tile. These
probably date to between the 14th and 16th century. One of the examples is very roughly made, and rather atypical in
appearance. The other is more
recognisable as possibly being one of the types of tile that may have been
imported from the Low Countries.
Quite
a few fragments of the medieval material have been sooted, or perhaps
burnt. A good quantity of the material
has mortar on broken edges, which probably means that it has been reused.
Post Medieval Material
Post
medieval material is represented by bricks and some roof tiles. There is also an example of a Victorian dust
pressed tile. Some of the bricks have
worn surfaces and have obviously been used as flooring.
Other material
Daub
occurs in several forms. There are
small samples of a a crumbly daub.
There are also more examples of a grass tempered fabric, which is quite
hard, and seems to be well-shaped to the point of being brick. These pieces tend to have flat surfaces, and
may well have been fired, which would mean that they are actually brick.
There
are a few fragments of micaceous sandstone which may have been parts of roof
tile, but as there are no pieces with nailholes it cannot be assumed that they
were. There are also fragments of
limestone.
Discussion
This
sample makes a valuable contribution to the study of ceramic building materials
in York, particularly as it has a good variety of peg tile fabrics. It contrasts with the earlier phase of
excavation on Davygate (also numbered 1997.102) in that the angled curved tile
type is not so well represented.
It
is recommended that the sample is fully recorded by an appropriately
experienced specialist. After this,
much of the sample could be discarded.
Context Listing
Context Form/s Date Spot
range
date
5000 Pantile, Pot (Staffs), Plain, 12-19th 19th
Plain (glaze),
Plain
(reused),
Sewer/Drain
pipe, Dust-pressed
tile,
Pot (x 2),
Curved/ridge,
Floor tile
(brown-green
glaze, W93T25, cut
edges, overfired,
waster), Brick
(T40,
upper surface worn,
used as flooring),
Brick (W109T57,
reused,
sooted, slop
moulded,
turning mark),
Brick
(sooted, reused,
T42,
worn stretcher
face),
Brick (T34, coarse
moulding sand),
Brick (T45,
vitrified
header, overfired,
reused), Brick
(L230
W114T50, worn upper
surface, sharp
arrises,
turning mark),
Brick
(W216T47, sharp
arrises, reused,
fine
dense fabric,
?machine
made), Brick (T30,
reused, indented
borders,
coarse moulding
sand)
5004 Brick (W122T34, coarse 14-15th 14-15th
moulding sand,
indented
border)
5006 Plain, Peg (circular hole, tally 13-16th 13-16th
mark), Plain (burnt
edge)
5008 Brick (T40, overfired, coarse 14-19th 19th
moulding sand,
Floor
tile (T35, worn
upper
surface, quarry
tile)
5010 Peg (square peghole, mortar) 13-16th 13-16th
5012 Brick (sample, L225W110T71, 18-19th 18-19th
slop moulded,
abraded,
turning mark)
5013 Brick (sample, L235W110T55, 18-19th 18-19th
white fabric)
5017 Brick (?post med), Brick (T34, 14-18th 14-18th
slop moulded, ?worn
top surface), Brick
(T46, worn top
surface),
Brick (T32, reused,
coarse moulding
sand),
Brick
5018 Brick (L230W108T48, sooted 15-19th 15-19th stretcher), Plain
(?post
18th)
5020 Brick (W130T44, indented 14-16th 14-16th
border, coarse
moulding
sand), Brick
(W112T40,
upper surface worn,
mortar, reused)
5021 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
5025 Peg (square peghole), Plain, 13-16th 13-16th
Micaceous sandstone
(burnt)
5026 Plain, Brick (medieval) 14-16th 14-16th
5048 Micaceous sandstone (T8), 13-16th 13-16th
Plain
5049 Plain (?slip), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
5050 Brick (W120T52, slop 14-16th 14-16th
moulded, reused),
Brick
(T65, slop moulded)
5051 Brick (L232W110T48, ?slop 15-16th 15-16th
moulded, mortar,
reused),
Brick (L227W113T54,
sharp arrises,
turning
mark), Brick
(W100T56,
reused)
5052 Plain (?reused), Peg (diamond 13-16th 13-16th
peghole), Plain
5053 Brick (T35, coarse moulding ?Roman ?Roman
sand, trimmed,
?Roman)
5055 Plain, Plain (overfired), Brick 13-16th 14-16th
(T32, coarse
moulding
sand), Plain
(?slip,
14th)
5056 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
5061 Brick (T48, fine moulding 13-?16th ?14-16th
sand), Brick (T50,
burnt, mortar,
?slop
moulded), Brick,
Brick (burnt), Peg
(circular peghole)
5062 Plain, Plain (?slip), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
(mortar)
5064 Brick (W127T40), Brick, Plain, 13-16th 14-16th
Peg (square
peghole),
Daub, Brick T32),
Plain,
Brick (grass
tempered),
Plain (slip, 14th),
Brick
(T35, overfired,
coarse
moulding sand),
Plain
(mortar)
5065 Plain, Plain (tally) 13-16th 13-16th
5066 Plain (mortar), Peg (diamond 13-16th 13-16th
peghole)
5069 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
5070 Plain (mortar, 14th), Plain, 13-?18th 14-?18th
Brick (fine-medium
moulding sand,
?post
med)
5071 Peg (mortar) 13-16th 13-16th
5072 Roman flue tile (combed, 2nd-16th 13-16th
mortar), Plain
(mortar,
reused), Plain,
?Pot
(glazed)
5075 Plain (reused), Plain (?slip), 13-16th 14-16th
Peg (square
peghole,
mortar), Plain,
Brick
(T40, fine moulding
sand)
5078 Plain (mortar) 13-16th
5079 Micaceous sandstone (T18) 13-?16th 14-?16th
Brick (T52, reused,
fine moulding
sand),
Plain, Brick
(vitrified)
5081 Plain, Plain (abraded), Brick 13-16th 14-16th
(?med)
5082 Brick (T38, coarse moulding 13-16th 14-16th
sand), Plain
(mortar),
Peg (square
peghole),
Plain (reused),
Plain
(pawprint - ?cat)
5085 Brick (W128T42, reused, 13-16th 14-16th
medium moulding
sand),
Plain, Brick
(W127T38,
medium moulding
sand,
mortar, reused)
5088 Plain, Plain (T20, ?slip) 13-16th 13-16th
5092 Brick (T50, ?Roman) ?Roman-16th ?Roman-16th
Plain, Peg
(irregular
hole, not pierced
through) Sandstone
(degraded)
5093 Brick (T50, fine-medium 13-?18th ?16-18th
moulding sand,
?post
med), Plain
(sooted),
Plain (mortar),
Plain
5094 Brick (W125T29, overfired, 13-16th 14-16th
mortar, reused,
coarse
medium sand), Plain
5095 Plain, Plain (mortar, 14th), 13-16th 14-16th
Pot (glazed x 2),
Daub,
Brick (T44, medium
moulding sand),
Plain
5097 Brick (W124T36, medium 13-16th 14-16th
moulding sand,
indented
border, mortar),
Plain
5098 Peg (square peghole, reused), 13-16th 13-16th
Peg (square
peghole,
punch impression),
Plain,
(reused), Plain
5099 Plain (sooted), Plain (?slip) 13-16th 13-16th
5101 Plain, Plain (mortar), Brick 13-16th 14-16th
(T31, coarse
moulding
sand, indented
border)
5107 Peg (square peghole, mortar), 13-16th 13-16th
Peg (square
peghole),
Plain (W215T14),
Plain
(sooted)
5108 Brick (W130T30, medium 14-16th 14-16th
moulding sand,
indented
border), Brick
(W126
T40, medium
moulding
sand, mortar,
vitrified
header), Brick
(L240
W114T60, slop
moulded
5109 Peg (square peghole, mortar, 13-16th 13-16th
reused), Plain
(mortar)
5116 Brick (T30, medium moulding 14-16th 14-16th
sand), Brick
(abraded)
5121 Brick (T37), Plain (mortar, 13-16th 14-16th
reused), Daub,
Brick,
Brick (very
abraded,
coarse moulding
sand),
Plain, Plain
5124 Brick (coarse moulding sand) 14-16th 14-16th
5133 Plain (?slip) 13-16th 13-16th
5135 Plain, Plain (mortar, reused), 13-16th 14-16th
Brick, Brick
(burnt, fine
moulding sand)
5142 Brick (T46, top surface burnt, ?Med ?Med
bevelled edges,
?hearth
brick, very coarse
moulding sand,
Brick
(T50, details as
above)
5145 Plain (indented border) 13-16th 13-16th
5146 Brick (T48), Brick, Plain 13-16th 14-16th
(mortar), Plain,
Brick
(abraded, coarse
moulding sand),
Brick
(T40, coarse
moulding
sand), Brick
(medium
moulding sand)
5149 Brick, Brick (W113T47,
reused)13-16th 14-16th
Brick (T40), Brick
(W118T50), Plain,
Plain
(reused)
5151 Brick (W128T34, coarse 14-15th 14-15th
moulding sand,
indented
border)
5152 Ridge (naihole, mortar, reused) 13-16th 13-16th
Plain, Plain
(?slip)
5155 Plain (14th) 14-16th 14-16th
5168 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
5171 Peg (square peghole) 13-16th 13-16th
5174 Plain, Brick (W124T50, white 13-16th 14-16th
slip, coarse
moulding
sand
5176 Plain (overfired), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
(indented border),
Plain
6000 Plain (mortar, reused) 13-16th 13-16th
6002 Brick (?med), Plain 13-16th 14-16th
6022 Plain (overfired, ?slip), Plain, 13-16th 13-16th
6026 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6029 Ridge, Plain, Nib (pushed out, 13-16th 13-16th
one of two nibs),
Plain
(mortar), Plain
(mortar,
reused)
6030 Plain, Peg (square peghole), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain (mortar),
Crested
ridge (abraded),
Brick
(mortar), Brick
(T39)
6033 Plain (mortar), Plain, Peg 13-16th 13-16th
(square peghole,
mortar)
6034 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6035 Plain, Plain (sooted), Peg 13-16th 13-16th
(square peghole),
Plain (mortar,
reused)
6037 Plain (burnt) 13-16th 13-16th
6039 Plain (mortar, reused), Plain, 13-16th 14-16th
Peg (square
peghole,
punch impression),
Brick (T41, reused,
coarse moulding
sand
6056 Roman brick Roman Roman
6059 Brick (T41), Plain, ?Brick/ 14-16th 14-16th
Daub (grass
tempered)
6067 Peg (square peghole, mortar) 13-16th 13-16th
6068 Brick (W123T45, sooted) 13-16th 14-16th
Plain, Brick W121
T45, sooted), Plain
(sooted)
6070 Nib (one of two, square cut, 13-16th 13-16th
?applied, on smooth
side
of tile, mortar),
Plain,
Plain (reused)
6075 Plain, Brick (abraded, T30, 13-16th 14-16th
reused), Peg
(square
peghole), Plain
(reused),
Plain (overfired,
mortar),
Brick, Brick T46,
overfired)
6077 Plain, Plain (mortar), Brick 13-16th 14-16th
(T30), Brick, Brick
(overfired, T34),
Brick (overfired,
T39), Brick (T40),
Plain (slip), Brick
(T34, grass
tempered,
daub-like)
6079 Brick, Plain (?slip), Plain, 13-16th 14-16th
Daub, Brick
(W127T45,
coarse moulding
sand,
mortar)
6082 Plain (mortar), Plain
(?pawprint)13th-16th 13-16th
6083 Plain, Plain (mortar) 13-16th 13-16th
6085 Plain (?14th, indented border), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain
6088 Plain, ?Pot 13-16th 13-16th
6092 Peg (square peghole, mortar), 12-16th 14-16th Plain (?slip), Brick,
Brick (W137T35,
coarse
moulding sand,
indented
border), Brick
(W130T35,
coarse moulding
sand,
indented border),
Brick
(T30, coarse
moulding
sand, indented
border),
Micaceous sandstone
(T16), Brick
(W129T35,
coarse moulding
sand)
Peg (square
peghole,
?slip), Curved
(angled),
Plain
6109 Plain (mortar), Peg (square 13-16th 13-16th
peghole),
Peg (square
peghole, reused)
6122 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6125 Plain, Peg (square peghole), 13-16th 13-16th
Plain (?slip)
6140 Peg (diamond peghole, 13-16th 13-16th
W202T13), Plain
6161 Ridge, Plain (mortar), Plain 13-16th 14-16th
(?Slip, 14th),
Plain
(mortar, reused),
Brick
(T30), Plain, Plain
(sooted), Brick
(T38,
coarse moulding
sand,
daub attached,
indented
border), Plain
(?slip),
Plain (burnt)
6167 Peg (square peghole, indented 14-16th 14-16th
border,
overfired/reduced,
14th
6168 Plain, Peg (square peghole, 13-16th 14-16th
14th), Plain
(burnt),
Plain (mortar)
6169 Plain (mortar, ?nib tile) 13-16th 13-16th
6170 Plain, Plain (?slip, indented 13-16th 13-16th
border)
6171 Plain, Plain (mortar, reused), 13-16th 14-16th
Peg (square
peghole),
Floor tile
(L110W111
T23, worn yellow
glaze,
white slip,
?nailholes,
mortar on edges,
finely
sanded base
6173 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6175 Plain (reused), Peg (square 13-16th 13-16th
peghole, mortar),
Plain
(mortar)
6179 Brick (W128T35, mortar), 13-16th 14-16th
Brick (W131T40,
indented border,
coarse moulding
sand),
Brick (T37, raindrop
impressions), Brick
(T37, overfired),
Brick (T40,
raindrop
impressions),
Brick,
Brick (T45,
overfired,
reused, coarse
moulding
sand), Brick (T45,
overfired, medium
moulding sand,
mortar),
Plain (mortar,
reused),
Brick (T39, medium
moulding sand),
Brick
(W121T42, sooted
stretcher, medium
moulding sand),
Brick
(T50, reused),
Brick
(T42, medium
moulding
sand, burnt), Brick
(T44,
fine moulding sand,
mortar, burnt),
Plain,
Brick (burnt),
Brick
(T41, burnt)
6180 Brick (T49, burnt stretcher, 13-16th 14-16th
mortar, reused),
Plain
(mortar, reused),
Plain,
Plain (mortar), Peg
(square peghole),
Plain
(indented border),
Peg
(circular peghole)
6181 Brick (W119T36, coarse 13-16th 14-16th
moulding sand,
overfired,
Plain, Peg (square
peghole)
6183 Plain (mortar), Pot 13-16th 13-16th
6188 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6192 Plain, Plain (mortar), Crested 13-16th 14-16th
Ridge (very
abraded),
Peg (square
peghole),
Plain (slip, 14th),
Plain
(mortar, indented
border),
Brick (T39,
vitrified,
fine moulding sand)
6197 Brick (T29, coarse moulding 14-16th 14-16th
sand
6201 Brick (T35, medium moulding 13-16th 14-16th
sand), Plain
(?slip),
Plain, Plain
(vitrified),
Plain (burnt),
Plain (14th),
Plain (slip, 14th),
Plain
overfired), Brick
(T29,
grass tempered),
Brick
(grass tempered),
Brick (abraded,
coarse
moulding sand),
Brick
T32, coarse
moulding
sand)
6202 Brick (?Roman) ?Roman ?Roman
6209 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6210 Brick (T40, medium moulding 13-16th 14-16th
sand), Brick (T36,
medium moulding
sand),
Plain, Brick
6211 Brick (T42, fine moulding 13-16th 14-16th
sand), Plain
(mortar)
6212 Ridge (sooted), Brick (T30), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain
6216 Brick (grass tempered) ?Med ?Med
6218 Brick (W127T34, reused), 13-16th 14-16th
Brick (W125T22,
reused), Brick
(W127
T30, mortar), Peg
(square peghole),
Peg (square
peghole,
reused), Brick
(W120
T33, coarse
moulding
sand, indented
border)
6222 Brick (T25, grass tempered), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain (reused),
Plain,
Brick (T30, coarse
moulding sand)
6223 Plain 13-16th
6224 Pot, Limestone, Peg, Brick 13-16th 14-16th
(T30, coarse
moulding
sand, ?slip), Peg
(diamond peghole),
Brick (W120T30,
over
fired, coarse
moulding
sand), Plain
(mortar),
Brick (T34, coarse
moulding sand),
Brick
(grass tempered),
Plain
(14th), Peg
(diamond
peghole), Plain
(mortar),
Plain, Plain
(reused),
Limestone (T15,
roughly
shaped, ?roof
tile),
Brick (T34, coarse
moulding sand,
sooted),
Brick (T34,
sooted),
Brick (T38), Brick
(T33, coarse
moulding
sand), Plain, ?Daub
(grass tempered),
Brick (grass
tempered,
T30), ?Brick
6226 Pot (med), Plain, Plain (?slip), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain (14th)
6229 Brick (T35, grass tempered), 13-16th 14-16th
Plain (mortar), Peg
(square peghole),
Plain,
Brick (W127T36)
6234 Plain (mortar), Plain, Peg Roman-16th 14-16th
(square peghole),
Brick
(T47, fine moulding
sand), Roman flue
tile (burnt)
6238 Plain, Peg (square peghole), 13-16th 13-16th
Plain (mortar),
Plain
(soot)
6241 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6246 Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6248 Peg (square peghole), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6252 Plain, Plain (mortar), Plain 13-16th 14-16th
(14th)
6253 Brick (?post med) Post med Post med
6267 ?Daub (grass tempered) ?Med ?Med
6269 Peg (square peghole), Plain, 13-16th 13-16th
Plain (mortar)
6276 Plain, ?Ridge, ?Flanged (T19) 12-16th 13-16th
6278 Limestone block (L115W60 Med? Med?
T48)
6279 Plain (burnt) 13-16th 13-16th
6281 Plain (mortar, reused) 13-16th 13-16th
6289 Brick (T43, medium moulding 13-16th 14-16th
sand), Brick, Plain
6291 Plain, Plain (mortar, reused), 13-16th 14-16th Ridge (mortar,
sooted),
Peg (square
peghole),
Plain (sooted), Peg
(square peghole,
14th),
Brick (burnt),
Brick
(T36, mortar,
reused),
Brick (T42, brown
glaze on upper
surface,
fine moulding
sand),
Peg (circular
peghole),
Plain (burnt), Peg
(circular peghole,
sooted), Plain
(mortar),
Plain (overfired,
mortar), Brick
(T40,
fine moulding
sand),
Limestone (T13)
6294 Plain (abraded), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
6297 Plain (burnt) 13-16th 13-16th
6298 Plain (sooted), Peg (square 13-16th 13-16th
peghole)
6300 Crested ridge (abraded), Plain 13-16th 13-16th
(sooted)
6301 Peg (square peghole, 13-16th 13-16th
fingermarks),
Plain, Peg
(square peghole,
tally
mark), Peg (square
peghole,)
6302 Plain (W199T11, frost damage), 13-16th 13-16th
Plain, Plain
(W205T11),
Plain (indented
border),
Plain
(fingermarks),
Plain (pawprints),
Peg
(central square
peghole,
W215T13)
sgn
7/98